Mechanism and application of mesenchymal stem cells and their secreting extracellular vesicles in regulating CD4⁺T cells in immune diseases

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) show significant promise in treating immune diseases due to their ability to differentiate into various cell types and their immunomodulatory properties. However, the mechanisms by which MSCs regulate CD4⁺T cells, essential for immune responses, are not yet fully understood. This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of how MSCs and their secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) modulate CD4⁺T cells in immune diseases. We begin by discussing the immunomodulatory properties of MSCs and the factors contributing to their effectiveness. Following this, we explore how MSCs interact with CD4⁺T cells through various pathways, including the secretion of soluble factors, direct cell-cell contact, and EV-mediated communication. A key focus is on the therapeutic potential of MSC-derived EVs, which are rich in bioactive molecules such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. These molecules can regulate the phenotype and function of CD4⁺T cells. The challenges and future perspectives in utilizing MSCs and EVs for immune-disease therapy are also addressed. Overall, this research aims to enhance our understanding of the mechanisms behind MSC-mediated regulation of CD4⁺T cells and provide insights into the potential use of MSCs and EVs as therapeutic tools in immune diseases. In summary, understanding how MSCs and their EVs control CD4⁺T cells can offer valuable perspectives for developing innovative immunotherapeutic approaches. Leveraging the immunomodulatory capacity of MSCs and EVs holds promise for managing immune-related disorders.